<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vestomm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник охраны материнства и младенчества</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Bulletin of maternal and child care</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">3034-395X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ФГБУ «НИИ ОММ» Минздрава России</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.69964/BMCC-2025-2-4-35-43</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vestomm-80</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Перинатальные риски при многоплодной беременности более высокого порядка: современный взгляд на проблему (обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Perinatal risks in higher order multiple pregnancies: a modern view of the problem (literature review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3556-9764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шерстобитов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sherstobitov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шерстобитов Алексей Васильевич — младший научный сотрудник, главный врач</p><p>ул. Репина, д. 1, г. Екатеринбург, 620028</p><p>Телефон: +7 (343) 371-27-67; +7 902 897-20-53</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey V. Sherstobitov - Junior Researcher, Chief physician</p><p>st. Repina, 1, Ekaterinburg, 620028</p><p>Phone: +7 (343) 371-27-67; +7 902 897-20-53</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">arno1980@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1574-1613</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чижовская</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chizhovskaya</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чижовская Анна Валерьевна - кандидат медицинских наук, заместитель директора по организационно-методической работе и общественным вопросам</p><p>ул. Репина, д. 1, г. Екатеринбург, 620028</p><p>Телефон: +7 951 124-60-13</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Chizhovskaya - Candidate of Medical Sciences, deputy director for organizational andmethodological work and public issues</p><p>st. Repina, 1, Ekaterinburg, 620028</p><p>Phone: +7 951 124-60-13</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ms.chizhovskaya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3268-7981</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семёнов</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Семенов Юрий Алексеевич - доктор медицинских наук, доцент, Заслуженный врач Российской Федерации, директор</p><p>ул. Репина, д. 1, г. Екатеринбург, 620028</p><p>Телефон: + 7 (343) 371-87-68</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuri A. Semenov - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Honored Doctor of the Russian Federation, Director</p><p>st. Repina, 1, Ekaterinburg, 620028</p><p>Phone: + 7 (343) 371-87-68</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">u-sirius@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Уральский научно-исследовательский институт охраны материнства и младенчества» Министерства Здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Institution “Ural Research Institute of Maternity and Child Care” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>35</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шерстобитов А.В., Чижовская А.В., Семёнов Ю.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шерстобитов А.В., Чижовская А.В., Семёнов Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sherstobitov A.V., Chizhovskaya A.V., Semenov Y.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vestnikomm.ru/jour/article/view/80">https://www.vestnikomm.ru/jour/article/view/80</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. При многоплодной беременности существенно возрастает риск целого ряда осложнений, включая материнские (преэклампсия, гестационный сахарный диабет, анемия, послеродовое кровотечение) и фетальные (задержка роста плода, фето-фетальный трансфузионный синдром, врожденные пороки развития). При этом уровень материнской и перинатальной смертности значительно выше по сравнению с одноплодной беременностью. Существенную роль играет тот факт, что в большинстве случаев исходом многоплодной беременности становятся ранние преждевременные оперативные роды. В настоящее время накоплено недостаточное количество обобщенных данных о многоплодной беременности более высокого порядка из-за неоднородности выборки и различного дизайна проводимых исследований. В тоже время за последние 40 лет отмечается значительный прирост встречаемости таких случаев, учитывая развитие вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий, что требует определения оптимальной тактики ведения беременности и родов, а также послеродового периода у пациенток с многоплодной беременностью более высокого порядка.Цель исследования. Систематизация современных научных представлений о перинатальных осложнениях, ассоциированных с многоплодной беременностью более высокого порядка.Методы исследования. Проведён анализ современных литературных данных, представленных в базах MEDLINE, ELibrary, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, за период 2019–2025 годы. Дополнительно использовались ресурсы из списков литературы представленных статей.Результаты исследования. До 66,7% многоплодных беременностей более высокого порядка комплецируются рядом серьезных акушерских осложнений. Со стороны матери к таким осложнениям относят: большие акушерские синдромы (гипертензивные расстройства и преэклампсию — 46,3%, гестационный сахарный диабет — 28%, преждевременные роды — 97,9%), анемию беременных — 71,4%, оперативное абдоминальное родоразрешение, послеродовое кровотечение — 33,3% и послеродовую депрессию — 23%). Основными осложнения стороны плода являются: селективная задержку роста, врожденные пороки развития, внутриутробная гибель плода, фето-фетальный трансфузионный синдром, синдром обратной артериальной перфузии и синдром анемии-полицитемии (при монохориальном типе многоплодной беременности). В неонатальном периоде выделяют такие осложнения, как: дыхательные нарушения (54,4%), экстремально низкую массу тела (30,8%), внутрижелудочковое кровоизлияние (38,5%), инфекционный процесс (25,5%), желтуху новорожденных (11,4%) и транзиторное тахипноэ (5,2%). В более позднем периоде развития такие дети имеют высокий риск инвалидизации (50%), ДЦП (15-20%) и когнитивных нарушений.Заключение. Проблема многоплодной беременности более высокого порядка, ассоциированная с высоким риском материнской и перинатальной заболеваемости и смертности, в настоящее время крайне актуальна и требует оптимизации и персонификации подходов к акушерской тактике ведения, срокам и методам родоразрешения такой беременности.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Background. Multiple pregnancies significantly increase the risk of a number of complications, including maternal (preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, anemia, postpartum bleeding) and fetal (fetal growth retardation, feto-fetal transfusion syndrome, congenital malformations). The maternal and perinatal mortality rate is significantly higher than that of single pregnancies. The fact that in most cases the outcome of multiple pregnancies is early preterm surgical delivery plays a significant role. There is currently a lack of aggregated data on higher order multiple pregnancies due to heterogeneity in the sampling and different design of studies. At the same time, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of such cases over the past 40 years, given the development of reproductive assistive technologies, which requires the identification of optimal pregnancy and delivery tactics, as well as the postpartum period in patients with multiple pregnancies of higher order.Objective. Systematization of modern scientific data about perinatal complications associated with multiple pregnancies of higher order.Material and methods. Analysis of current literature data presented in the databases MEDLINE, ELibrary, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, for the period from 2019 to 2025. Additional resources from the literature lists of submitted articles were used.Research results. Up to 66.7% of multiple pregnancies of higher order are complemented by a series of serious obstetric complications. On the mother’s side to such complications are attributed: great obstetrical syndrome (hypertensive disorders and preeclampsia — 46.3%, gestational diabetes mellitus — 28%, premature labor — 97.9%), anemia of pregnant women — 71.4%, operative abdominal delivery, postnatal bleeding — 33,3% and postpartum depression — 23%). The main complications of the side of the fetus are: selective growth retardation, congenital developmental defects, intrauterine death of the fetus, feto-fetal transfusion syndrome, twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence and twin anemia polycythemia sequence (in monochorea type of multiple pregnancy). In the neonatal period, there are complications such as: respiratory disorders (54.4%), extremely low birth weight (30.8%), intra-ventricular hemorrhage (38.5%), infection (25.5%), neonatal jaundice (11.4%) and transitory tachypnoea (5.2%). In the later period of development such children have a high risk of disability (50%), CDD (15-20%) and cognitive impairment.Conclusion. The problem of multiple pregnancies of higher order, associated with a high risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, is now highly topical and requires optimization and personalization of approaches to obstetric care, the timing and delivery methods of such a pregnancy.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>многоплодная беременность более высокого порядка</kwd><kwd>материнские осложнения</kwd><kwd>перинатальные исходы</kwd><kwd>беременность тройней</kwd><kwd>плодовые осложнения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multiple pregnancies of higher order</kwd><kwd>maternal complications</kwd><kwd>perinatal outcomes</kwd><kwd>triple pregnancy</kwd><kwd>fetal complications</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bricker L. Optimal antenatal care for twin and triplet pregnancy: the evidence base. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2014; 28 (2): 305-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.12.006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bricker L. Optimal antenatal care for twin and triplet pregnancy: the evidence base. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2014; 28 (2): 305-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.12.006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карасёва В.К., Коваленко М.П. Некоторые аспекты медико-социальной характеристики женщин с многоплодной беременностью. FORCIPE. 2020; 3: 596-597.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karasyova V.K., Kovalenko M.P. Nekotorye aspekty mediko-social’noj harakteristiki zhenshchin s mnogoplodnoj beremennost’yu. [Some aspects of the medical and social characteristics of women with multiple pregnancies FORCIPE. 2020; 3: 596-597 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мальгина Г.Б., Башмакова Н.В. Многоплодная беременность как причина сверхранних преждевременных родов. Российский вестник акушера-гинеколога. 2016; 16 (6): 58‑62. https://doi.org/10.17116/rosakush201616658-62</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malgina G.B., Bashmakova N.V. Multiple pregnancy as a cause of very early preterm birth. Russian Bulletin of Obstetrician-Gynecologist. 2016; 16 (6): 58‑62. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17116/rosakush201616658-62</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации «Многоплодная беременность». Москва: Российское общество акушеров-гинекологов. — 2024. — 78 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klinicheskie rekomendacii « Mnogoplodnaya beremennost’». Moskva: Rossijskoe obshchestvo akusherov-ginekologov. 2024: 78. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузнецов П.А., Джохадзе Л.С., Кравцова О.М., Савостина Г.В. К вопросу о сроках и методах родоразрешения при многоплодной беременности при различных типах плацентации. Актуальные вопросы женского здоровья. 2022; 1: 20–25. https://doi.org/10.46393/2713122Х_2022_1_20</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzhokhadze L.S., Kravtsova O.V., Savostina G.V. To the question about the timing and methods of delivery in multiple pregnancies with different types of placentation. Topical Issues of Women’s Health. 2022; 1: 20-25. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.46393/2713122X_2022_1_20</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Палиева Н.В., Петров Ю.А., Мельникова А.А., Боташева Т.Л. Многоплодная беременность: течение и исходы. Главный врач Юга России. 2023; 1 (87): 18-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Palieva N.V., Petrov Yu.A., Melnikova A.A., Botasheva T.L. Multiple pregnancy. current and outcomes. Chief physician of the South of Russia. 2023; 1 (87): 18-21. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin J.A., Hamilton B.E., Osterman M.J. Three decades of twin births in the United States, 1980-2009. NCHS Data Brief. 2012; 80: 1-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin J.A., Hamilton B.E., Osterman M.J. Three decades of twin births in the United States, 1980-2009. NCHS Data Brief. 2012; 80: 1-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meah V.L., Khurana R., Hornberger L.K., Steinback C.D., Davenport M.H. Cardiovascular function during triplet pregnancy. J. Appl. Physiol. 2021; 130 (4): 1286-1292. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00998.2020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meah V.L., Khurana R., Hornberger L.K., Steinback C.D., Davenport M.H. Cardiovascular function during triplet pregnancy. J. Appl. Physiol. 2021; 130 (4): 1286-1292. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00998.2020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pena-Burgos E.M., Duyos-Mateo I., Pozo-Kreilinger J.J., Regojo-Zapata R.M., Quirós-González V., De La Calle M. How Have the baseline characteristics and outcomes of triplet pregnancies changed over the last two decades? J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can. 2025; 47 (2): 102-735. https://doi.org/1016/j.jogc.2024.102735</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pena-Burgos E.M., Duyos-Mateo I., Pozo-Kreilinger J.J., Regojo-Zapata R.M., Quirós-González V., De La Calle M. How Have the baseline characteristics and outcomes of triplet pregnancies changed over the last two decades? J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can. 2025; 47 (2): 102-735. https://doi.org/1016/j.jogc.2024.102735</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lambers D.S., Allen J., Gottula J., Devaiah C.G., Habli M. The maternal impact, health burden, and postpartum sequela in triplet pregnancies: a retrospective cohort. Am. J. Perinatol. 2021; 38 (1): 256-261. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709489</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lambers D.S., Allen J., Gottula J., Devaiah C.G., Habli M. The maternal impact, health burden, and postpartum sequela in triplet pregnancies: a retrospective cohort. Am. J. Perinatol. 2021; 38 (1): 256-261. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709489</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Baar P.M., Bij de Weg J.M., Ten Hove E.A., Schoonmade L.J., Van de Mheen L., Pajkrt E., De Groot C.J.M., De Boer M.A. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy after multifetal pregnancy reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2023; 42 (1): 222-5597. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641955.2023.2225597</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Baar P.M., Bij de Weg J.M., Ten Hove E.A., Schoonmade L.J., Van de Mheen L., Pajkrt E., De Groot C.J.M., De Boer M.A. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy after multifetal pregnancy reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2023; 42 (1): 222-5597. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641955.2023.2225597</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sivan E., Maman E., Homko C.J., Lipitz S., Cohen S., Schiff E. Impact of fetal reduction on the incidence of gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 99 (1): 91-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01661-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sivan E., Maman E., Homko C.J., Lipitz S., Cohen S., Schiff E. Impact of fetal reduction on the incidence of gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol. 2002; 99 (1): 91-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01661-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao G., Murphy K.E., Berger H., Shah B.R., Halperin I., Barrett J., Melamed N. The screening performance of glucose challenge test for gestational diabetes in twin pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med. 2022; 35 (25): 7590-7600. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2021.1956896</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao G., Murphy K.E., Berger H., Shah B.R., Halperin I., Barrett J., Melamed N. The screening performance of glucose challenge test for gestational diabetes in twin pregnancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med. 2022; 35 (25): 7590-7600. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2021.1956896</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hiersch L., Shah B.R., Berger H., Geary M., McDonald S.D., Murray-Davis B., Guan J., Halperin I., Retnakaran R., Barrett J., Melamed N. Screening accuracy of the 50 g-glucose challenge test in twin compared with singleton pregnancies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2022; 107 (10): 2854-2864. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac472</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hiersch L., Shah B.R., Berger H., Geary M., McDonald S.D., Murray-Davis B., Guan J., Halperin I., Retnakaran R., Barrett J., Melamed N. Screening accuracy of the 50 g-glucose challenge test in twin compared with singleton pregnancies. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2022; 107 (10): 2854-2864. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac472</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seetho S., Kongwattanakul K., Saksiriwuttho P. Epidemiology and factors associated with preterm births in multiple pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23(1): 872. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06186-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seetho S., Kongwattanakul K., Saksiriwuttho P. Epidemiology and factors associated with preterm births in multiple pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023;23(1): 872. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06186-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Михайлин Е. С., Вельматова О. Н., Иванова Л. А. Анализ результатов ведения беременности тройней в 2016–2022гг. Тезисы X Общероссийского конференц-марафона «Перинатальная медицина: от прегравидарной подготовки к здоровому материнству и детству». 2024; 21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikhaylin E. S., Velmatova O. N., Ivanova L. A. Analysis of the results of pregnancy management with triplets in 2016–2022. Tezisy X Obshcherossijskogo konferenc-marafona «Perinatal’naya medicina: ot pregravidarnoj podgotovki k zdorovomu materinstvu i detstvu». 2024; 21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цибизова В.И., Сапрыкина Д.О., Первунина Т.М., Бицадзе В.О., Макацария Н.А., Блинов Д.В., Ди Ренцо Д.К. К вопросу о ведении беременности при монохориальной двойне. Акушерство, Гинекология и Репродукция. 2022; 16 (4): 479-492. https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2022.321</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pervunina T.M., Bitsadze V.O., Makatsariya N.A., Blinov D.V., Di Renzo G.C. On the issue of pregnancy management in monochorionic twins. Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction. 2022; 16 (4): 479 492. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17749/2313-7347/ob.gyn.rep.2022.321</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conde-Agudelo A., Belizán J.M., Lindmark G. Maternal morbidity and mortality associated with multiple gestations. Obstet. Gynecol. 2000; 95 (6): 899–904.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conde-Agudelo A., Belizán J.M., Lindmark G. Maternal morbidity and mortality associated with multiple gestations. Obstet. Gynecol. 2000; 95 (6): 899–904.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Венцковская И.Б., Белая В.В., Поладич И.В., Костенко О.Ю. Профилактика акушерских кровотечений при многоплодной беременности. Репродуктивное здоровье. Восточная Европа. 2021; 11 (6): 702-707. https://doi.org/10.34883/PI.2021.11.6.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wentskovskaya I.B., Belaya V.V., Poladich I.V., Kostenko O.J. Prevention of obstetric bleeding in multiple pregnancies. Reproductive health. Eastern Europe. 2021; 11 (6): 702-707. https://doi.org/10.34883/PI.2021.11.6.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin Z., Cao W., Wang K., Meng X., Shen J., Guo Y., Gaoshan J., Liang X., Tang K. Mental health and risky sexual behaviors among Chinese college students: a large cross-sectional study. J. Affect Disord. 2021; 287: 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.067</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin Z., Cao W., Wang K., Meng X., Shen J., Guo Y., Gaoshan J., Liang X., Tang K. Mental health and risky sexual behaviors among Chinese college students: a large cross-sectional study. J. Affect Disord. 2021; 287: 293-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.067</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sit D., Luther J., Buysse D., Dills J.L., Eng H., Okun M., Wisniewski S., Wisner K.L. Suicidal ideation in depressed postpartum women: associations with childhood trauma, sleep disturbance and anxiety. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2015; 66-67: 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sit D., Luther J., Buysse D., Dills J.L., Eng H., Okun M., Wisniewski S., Wisner K.L. Suicidal ideation in depressed postpartum women: associations with childhood trauma, sleep disturbance and anxiety. J. Psychiatr. Res. 2015; 66-67: 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.04.021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Российская Ассоциация Репродукции Человека. Регистр ВРТ. Отчет за 2016 год. СПб.: Типография. 2018: 71.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Российская Ассоциация Репродукции Человека. Регистр ВРТ. Отчет за 2016 год. СПб.: Типография. 2018: 71. [Rossijskaya Associaciya Reprodukcii CHeloveka. Registr VRT. Otchet za 2016 god. SPb.: Tipografiya. 2018: 71.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Glinianaia S.V., Rankin J., Khalil A., Binder J., Waring G., Curado J., Pateisky P., Thilaganathan B., Sturgiss S.N., Hannon T.; NorSTAMP collaborators. Effect of monochorionicity on perinatal outcome and growth discordance in triplet pregnancy: collaborative multicenter study in England, 2000-2013. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2021; 57 (3): 440-448. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.21987</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glinianaia S.V., Rankin J., Khalil A., Binder J., Waring G., Curado J., Pateisky P., Thilaganathan B., Sturgiss S.N., Hannon T.; NorSTAMP collaborators. Effect of monochorionicity on perinatal outcome and growth discordance in triplet pregnancy: collaborative multicenter study in England, 2000-2013. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2021; 57 (3): 440-448. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.21987</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang M., Liu X.J., Gong Y.H. Analysis of pregnancy outcomes after fetal reduction in monochorionic, dichorionic, and trichorionic triplet pregnancies. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2023; 54 (2): 426-431. https://doi.org/10.12182/20230360210</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang M., Liu X.J., Gong Y.H. Analysis of pregnancy outcomes after fetal reduction in monochorionic, dichorionic, and trichorionic triplet pregnancies. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2023; 54 (2): 426-431. https:// doi.org/10.12182/20230360210</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hessami K., Evans M.I., Nassr A.A., Espinoza J., Donepudi R.V., Cortes M.S., Krispin E., Mostafaei S., Belfort M.A., Shamshirsaz A.A. Fetal reduction of triplet pregnancies to twins vs singletons: a meta-analysis of survival and pregnancy outcome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2022; 227 (3): 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hessami K., Evans M.I., Nassr A.A., Espinoza J., Donepudi R.V., Cortes M.S., Krispin E., Mostafaei S., Belfort M.A., Shamshirsaz A.A. Fetal reduction of triplet pregnancies to twins vs singletons: a meta-analysis of survival and pregnancy outcome. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2022; 227 (3): 430-439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hruby E., Sassi L., Görbe E., Hupuczi P., Papp Z. The maternal and fetal outcome of 122 triplet pregnancies. Orv Hetil. 2007; 148 (49): 2315-2328. https://doi.org/10.1556/OH.2007.28119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hruby E., Sassi L., Görbe E., Hupuczi P., Papp Z. The maternal and fetal outcome of 122 triplet pregnancies. Orv Hetil. 2007; 148 (49): 2315-2328. https://doi.org/10.1556/OH.2007.28119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gette F., Aziz Ali S., Ho M.S.P., Richter L.L., Chan E.S., Yang C.L., Kieran E., Mammen C., Roberts A., Kang K.T., Wong J., Rassekh S.R., Castaldo M., Harris K.C., Lee J., Lam C.K.L., Chan N.H., Lisonkova S., Ting J.Y. Longterm health outcomes of preterm birth: a narrative review. Front. Pediatr. 2025; 13: 156-5897. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2025.1565897</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gette F., Aziz Ali S., Ho M.S.P., Richter L.L., Chan E.S., Yang C.L., Kieran E., Mammen C., Roberts A., Kang K.T., Wong J., Rassekh S.R., Castaldo M., Harris K.C., Lee J., Lam C.K.L., Chan N.H., Lisonkova S., Ting J.Y. Longterm health outcomes of preterm birth: a narrative review. Front. Pediatr. 2025; 13: 156-5897. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2025.1565897</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
